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- <text id=93CT1892>
- <link 90TT2038>
- <title>
- Trinidad & Tobago--History
- </title>
- <history>
- Compact ALMANAC--CIA Factbook
- Caribbean
- Trinidad And Tobago
- </history>
- <article>
- <source>CIA World Factbook</source>
- <hdr>
- History
- </hdr>
- <body>
- <p> Trinidad was discovered by Columbus in 1498 on his third
- voyage to the Western Hemisphere. At that time, Trinidad was
- inhabited by several Arawak Indian tribes, who later were
- destroyed by early European settlers. The Spanish made the first
- successful attempt to colonize Trinidad in 1592. Although it
- attracted French and other foreign settlers, Trinidad continued
- under Spanish rule until it was captured by the British in 1797.
- Trinidad was ceded formally to the United Kingdom in 1802.
- </p>
- <p> Tobago probably has changed hands more often than any other
- West Indian island. Dutch, French, and English expeditions
- captured it from each other during its early colonial history,
- before it was finally ceded to the United Kingdom in 1814.
- </p>
- <p> Trinidad and Tobago were merged in 1888 to form a single
- colony. In 1958, the United Kingdom established the autonomous
- Federation of the West Indies, comprising Trinidad and Tobago,
- Jamaica, Barbados, and the Leeward and Windward Islands. The
- capital of the federation was Port-of-Spain, Trinidad.
- Difficulties in working together, however, caused Jamaica to
- withdraw in 1961, and when Trinidad and Tobago followed, the
- federation collapsed. Trinidad and Tobago obtained full
- independence and joined the Commonwealth in 1962.
- </p>
- <p>Current Political Conditions
- </p>
- <p> In 1976, Trinidad and Tobago adopted a republican
- constitution under which the president, elected by the
- parliament, replaced the British monarch as chief of state.
- General direction and control of the government rests with the
- cabinet, which is led by the prime minister and is responsible
- to the bicameral parliament.
- </p>
- <p> The 36 members of the House of Representatives are elected to
- 5-year terms, although elections may be called earlier by the
- president at the request of the prime minister or when the House
- of Representatives votes "no confidence" in the cabinet. The
- Senate's 31 members are appointed by the president, 16 on the
- advice of the prime minister, 6 with the advice of the leader
- of the opposition, and 9 independents chosen by the president
- from among outstanding members of the community.
- </p>
- <p> The supreme judicial authority is the Court of Appeal, the
- chief justice of which is appointed by the president on the
- advice of the prime minister and the leader of the opposition.
- The final appellate court is the Privy Council in London.
- Trinidad's seven counties and four self-governing cities are
- administered by elected councils. Tobago was given a measure of
- internal self-government in 1980 and is ruled by the Tobago
- House of Assembly.
- </p>
- <p> The first political party in Trinidad and Tobago with a
- continuing organization and program--the People's National
- Movement (PNM)--merged in 1956 under Dr. Eric Williams, who
- was prime minister from independence until his death in March
- 1981. The PNM remained in power following the death of Dr.
- Williams by winning 26 of the 36 parliamentary seats contested
- in the November 1981 general election. However, the 30-year
- rule of the PNM ended 5 years later when the National Alliance
- for Reconstruction (NAR) won a landslide victory in the general
- election of December 1986. The NAR formally was established in
- February 1986 when the membership of the Tobago-based Democratic
- Action Congress (DAC), led by A.N.R. Robinson; the United Labor
- Front (ULF), led by Basdeo Panday; the Tapia House Movement
- (THM), led by Dr. Lloyd Best; and the Organization for National
- Reconstruction (DNR), led by Karl Hudson Phillips, agreed to
- merge into a united party.
- </p>
- <p> In 1986, A.N.R. Robinson became the NAR's first political
- leader and, following the December 1986 general election, was
- named prime minister by virtue of the party's 33 to 3
- parliamentary majority. Robinson named a 13-member cabinet
- (including himself) in 1986, which was replaced in November 1987
- by a 15-member cabinet. In August 1987, Dr. Lloyd Best formally
- withdrew the THM from the NAR. In addition the PNM, two other
- parties, the National Joint Action Committee (NJAC) and the
- People's Popular Movement (PPM), as well as several independent
- candidates, participated in the 1986 general election but won
- no seats. In September 1987, the NAR won 80 of the 125 seats
- contested during the local government elections in Trinidad,
- which are held every 3 years. The PNM retained the remaining 45
- local government seats in Trinidad. The NAR also controls 11 of
- the 12 seats constituting the Tobago House of Assembly, where
- local government elections are held every 4 years. In local
- government elections held in November 1988, the NAR retained its
- control of 11 of the 12 seats constituting the Tobago House of
- Assembly.
- </p>
- <p>Source: U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Public Affairs,
- April 1989.
- </p>
-
- </body>
- </article>
- </text>
-
-